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|group= White Brazilians ''Brasileiros brancos'' |poptime= 91,051,646 47.73% of the Brazilian population〔(【引用サイトリンク】date=8 November 2011 )〕 |popplace= Entire country; highest percents found in southern and southeastern Brazil |langs=Portuguese minorities speak assorted German dialects, mainly Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (1,94%), Talian or Venetian (0.49%) and Polish. Other smaller minorities include Ukrainian, Dutch, Lithuanian, Russian, Yiddish and Hebrew.|rels=Roman Catholicism 64.66% · Protestantism 22.16% · Non-religious, Deism, Agnosticism, Atheism 9% · Kardecist Spiritism 1.87% · Other Christians Jehovah Witnesses, Brazilian Catholics, Mormonism, and Orthodoxy 1.19% · Judaism and Buddhism. |title=Brazil: resident White population, by religion, Census 2000 |publisher=Sidra.ibge.gov.br |date= |accessdate=2014-01-23}} White Brazilian ((ポルトガル語:brasileiros brancos) (:bɾɐziˈle(j)ɾuz ˈbɾɐ̃kus)) is a Brazilian citizen from European, or Levantine descent. According to the 2010 Census, they totaled 91,051,646 people, and made up to 47.73% of the Brazilian population.〔 The main ancestry of White Brazilians is Portuguese, followed by Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Levantine Arabs (Lebanese and Syrians), and Poles. The White Brazilian population is spread throughout the national territory, but it is concentrated in the four southernmost states, where 79.8% of the population has European or Caucasian phenotype.〔(PNAD 2006 )〕 The states with the highest percentage of White citizens are: Santa Catarina (86.96%), Rio Grande do Sul (82.30%), Paraná (77.24%) and São Paulo (70.40%). Other states with significant rates are: Rio de Janeiro (55.82%), Mato Grosso do Sul (51.78%), Espírito Santo (50.45%), Minas Gerais (47.24%) and Goiás (43.60%). São Paulo has the largest population in absolute numbers with 30 million Whites.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA )〕 ==Conception of White== (詳細は70%) European. Another autosomal study carried out by the geneticist Sergio Pena showed that the overwhelming ancestry of "white" Brazilians is European, but there is Native American and African ancestries as well (an average of 80% European ancestry).〔 According to another autosomal DNA study (from 2009) conducted on a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro the "whites" from a sample of just 90 students (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found to carry very little Amerindian or African admixtures (generally about 90% European in ancestry on average). "The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self-made estimates of European ancestry", say the researchers. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than those students had thought it would be. The "pardos" were found to have a European ancestry on average of 80% (autosomal ancestry)〔()〕 However this study, a random sample of 90 students, 30 of whom had classified themselves as white, 30 as brown, and 30 as black, although important in understanding racial categorizations in Brazil in no way represents the genetic makeup of the entire population. The degree of miscegenation in Brazil is very high; Brazil was originally colonised only by a few families of Portuguese settlers; instead there were many mostly Portuguese individual male adventurers, who tended to reproduce with Amerindian and African females. The later settlers, however, would tend to reproduce with women who were the product of previous miscegenation in Brazil. However, social prejudice connected to certain details in the physical appearance of individual is widespread. Those details are related to the concept of "cor". "Cor", Portuguese for "color" denotes the Brazilian rough equivalent of the term "race" in English, but is based on a complex phenotypic evaluation that takes into account skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape. This concept, unlike the English notion of "race", captures the continuous aspects of phenotypes. Thus, it seems there is no racial descent rule operational in Brazil; it is even possible for two siblings to belong to completely diverse "racial" categories.〔 Second paragraph〕 Although in the most recent census, with the increased valorisation of mixed and black heritage, large numbers of mixed and black Brazilians selected black and mixed even with higher socioeconomic status, who probably would've selected white or mixed in the 2000 Census, thus giving a clearer picture on Brazil's demographic makeup. The following are the results for the different Brazilian censuses, since 1872: In the past, ancestry was quite irrelevant for racial classifications in Brazil. A survey in Rio de Janeiro also concluded that "racial-purity" is not important for a person to be classified as white in Brazil. The survey asked respondents if they had any ancestors who were European, African or Amerindian. As much as 52% of those whites reported they have some non-European ancestry: 38% reported to have some Black African ancestry and 29% reported Amerindian ancestry (15% of them reported to have both). Only 48% of those whites did not report any nonwhite ancestry. Thus, in Brazil, one can self-identify as white and still have African or Amerindian ancestry, and such a person has no problem admitting to having nonwhite ancestors.〔 The most recent census in 2010, showed a shift in mentality, where mixed Brazilians overwhelmingly chose to identify with their mixed racial background, rather than white.〔 Given this ambiguity and fluidity, there are people who claim that the few racial categories offered by the IBGE are not enough. When Brazilians answer to open-ended questions about race, up to 143 different race-color terms are brought. The most common is "moreno", a category that refers to a wide spectrum of phenotypes. It can mean "dark-haired", "tawny", "suntanned", but it is also used as a euphemism for "pardo" and "black", according to context. It is not a synonym with "pardo", however, since each word refers to widely different sets of people. An important factor about whiteness in Brazil is the racial stigma of being Amerindian or black, which is undesirable and avoided for a large part of the population. Scientific racism largely influenced race relations in Brazil since the late 19th century.〔 The predominant nonwhite, mostly Afro-Brazilian population was seen as a problem for Brazil in the eyes of the predominantly White elite of the country. In contrast to some countries, like the United States or South Africa, which tried to avoid miscegenation, even imposing anti-miscegenation laws, in Brazil, miscegenation was always legal. What was expected was that miscegenation would eventually turn all Brazilians into Whites.〔 As a result of that desire of whitening its own population, the Brazilian ruling classes encouraged the arrival of massive European immigration to the country. In the 1890s 1.2 million European immigrants were added to the country's 5 million whites. Today the Brazilian areas with larger proportions of whites tend to have been destinations of massive European immigration between 1880 and 1930.〔 Even though expectations of the Brazilian elite to whiten its own population through European immigration came to an end in the 1930s, the whitening ideology still influences racial relations in Brazil today. In general, the population still expects that blacks must biologically whiten themselves by marriage with lighter skinned people, or culturally through the assimilation of the traditions of the dominant white population.〔 That leads mixed-race people to be perceived as whites,〔 and this is more evident when a nonwhite person becomes wealthier and is incorporated in the ruling classes. For example, Brazilian writer, Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, was a mulatto. However, once he gained fame and prestige, people started to accept him as a white man, and on his death certificate he was classified as a "white man".〔(As duas cores de Machado de Assis )〕 Better educated and wealthier Brazilians usually see themselves as whites (a strict association between wealth and whiteness).〔 A study〔 showed that when mixed-race Brazilians get wealthier they start to be perceived as whites by others, who usually avoid associating a wealthy person with a non-white racial category. But only mixed-race people can "become white" when they get richer, while typically black people will always be perceived as blacks, no matter how rich they get.〔 It showed that less educated black Brazilians avoid being associated as Black (usually choosing the word "Moreno": literally "tanned", "brunette", "with an olive complexion" - to classify themselves). Better-educated black Brazilians, however, are more than eight times more likely as persons of a low level of education to identify themselves as blacks, while better educated mixed-race people usually jump to the white category.〔 Research published by the American Sociological Review found that the growth of the pardo population would be in part due to large numbers of blacks "whitening" themselves by reporting to be brown (mulatto). Studies have found a large trend in reclassification (whitening) from black to brown in the 1950 to 1980 period, a much smaller one from white to pardo, and a similar but less pronounced pattern between 1980 and 1990. Academics attribute this switch from black to pardo to high rates of black upward mobility during the 1970s, consistent with a “money whitens” hypothesis, that is blacks would whiten themselves by reporting as pardo the more wealthy they become. These results would demonstrate a tendency for what is called branqueamento, that means that blacks would tend to self-classify as whiter. In this case, differences found in the share of blacks between census results would demonstrate that blacks tend to self-classify as pardos. Some researchers suggested to merge the two into a single Afro-Brazilian category (e.g., Lovell 1994; Wood and Carvalho 1988; Wood and Lovell 1992). Brazilian geneticist Sérgio Pena has criticised American scholar Edward Telles for lumping "pretos" and "pardos" in the same category. According to him, "the autosomal genetic analysis that we have performed in non-related individuals () shows that it does not make any sense to put "pretos" and "pardos" in the same category". The integration of races in Brazil did not build a racial democracy, where racism would not exist because all Brazilians saw themselves as equal because of their common multiracial heritage. Even though this theory was dominant in Brazil for decades, although it is still followed by some today, most scholars now think that miscegenation in Brazil created not an egalitarian society but a society where lighter-skinned people are found mostly on the top and the darker-skinned are mostly found on the bottom. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White Brazilian」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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